Agriculture and Climate Change Ethiopia Farmers Find Climate-Smart Ways to Beat Erratic Weather
Impact of climate change on agriculture
Agriculture
is the most significant sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, but climate change and weather data are expected to negatively influence it. Climate change
would undoubtedly result in significant welfare losses, particularly for
smallholders whose primary source of income is agriculture. Climate
extremes are already impacting social, economic, and environmental systems,
while future changes resulting from further warming will pose new concerns.
The
study's findings show that annual rainfall variability has a negative influence
on the combined riskiness of all crop portfolios at a household level, but
seasonal rainfall variation has a less consistent impact. Even when intercrop
relationships are considered, farmers are more inclined to choose less
hazardous crops with lower returns.
Impacts
on pests and pathogens
Climate change will likely increase the
populations and ranges of some agricultural pests and water-borne pathogens,
necessitating changes in crop and livestock breeding practices, more assertive
adoption of pest management practices, and the introduction of new inputs to
combat more virulent challenges.
Nutritional Consequences Increased
atmospheric CO2 has been proven to diminish crop nutrient content, posing
nutritional issues. On the other hand, warming surface and groundwater increase
the incidence of waterborne bacteria that cause diarrhea.
Ethiopian smallholder farmers have begun
using decreased tillage or adding manure to the soil data
as climate mitigation strategies. Through the preservation of soil organic
matter, these methods can sequester carbon.
As a result, soil water-holding capacity
rose, which is important in dry areas and stabilizes crop yields. Farmers have
also begun to implement climate adaptation practices such as:
•
Adoption of local livestock breeds
•
Decrease of livestock numbers to
controllable herd sizes
•
Increased fertilizer application
•
Planting barley instead of wheat
•
Boundary planting
• Introduction of desho grass strips, an
Ethiopian indigenous grass
•
Early sowing of crops and sustainable
livelihoods
•
Storing products in good years to
compensate for bad years
•
seeking out alternative sources of income
According to a study published in the
Climate Policy journal, these climate adaptation and agriculture data
techniques were likely prompted by changes in weather patterns seen by farmers.
The researchers, led by Diana Feliciano
of the University of Aberdeen in the United Kingdom, investigated how
adaptation and mitigation practices were implemented in smallholder farms in
Ethiopia. They calculated GHG emissions related to mitigation techniques
identified strategies, hurdles, and enablers for implementation.
Cost-effective climate mitigation
Twenty-five small-scale farmers were
chosen and questioned about land-use and land-management techniques. The
Mitigation Strategies Tool (MOT) was used to calculate GHG emissions, identify
mitigation and co-benefits, and serve as a forum for learning and information
exchange among various stakeholders.
In Ethiopia, the MOT was utilized to
quickly assess land and livestock management methods' contributions to GHG
emissions and carbon capture and storage. It was also utilized to bridge the
gap between research and practice, allowing for better information transfer and
learning.
Carbon dioxide emissions are measured in
kilograms of co2 equivalents per hectare (kg CO2eq ha1) and kilograms of
dioxide equivalent per kilogram of the product (kg CO2eq kg1).
Synthetic fertilizer application resulted
in GHG emissions ranging from 0.5 to 2.6 t CO2eq ha1 in wheat, 0.3 to 3.6 t
CO2eq ha1 in barley, and 0.5 to 8.3 t CO2eq ha1 in potatoes. Among the farmers
surveyed, CO2 emissions from animal production ranged from 6.1 to 31.4 t CO2eq
ha1.
All of the farmers in the research noted
that weather patterns have changed. Reduced rainfall, improved warmth, reduced
cloudiness, and more sunlight hours were all stated estimated by weather
forecasting. Farmers in the poll also highlighted increasing weather volatility
and changing patterns.
According to some farmers, climate change
has also resulted in a lack of water and the disappearance of water springs and
an increase in crop diseases, lower agricultural yields, and delays at the
beginning of the crop season.
The research area's farmers' land tenure
security (Tula watershed region, Doyogena district, Kembata Tembaro Region,
Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region) could explain
why they are adopting more sustainable farming practices.
The decision to apply manure, crop
diversification, flood control, soil conservation, and agroforestry are more
likely on owner-cultivated plots than on rental plots, according to a 2018
report by Hailemariam Teklewold.
Through dialogue with farmers and
statistics on the organic matter content supplied to the soil, barriers and
enabling variables must be investigated. These activities aid in soil
conservation, which is important for adapting to climate change in semi-arid
areas.
MOT can be used in the future to enhance
the discovery of successful climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies
by facilitating knowledge exchange between practitioners and researchers in
Ethiopia and other developing countries with limited data.
Ethiopian adaption techniques to climate
change
Adaptation to climate change and weather
forecasting is the modification of natural or anthropogenic systems in response
to present or anticipated climatic stressors or their impacts, which mitigates
harm or maximizes benefits, whereas mitigation refers to minimizing climate
change through lowering GHG emissions. According to a study, poor
building designs, farming, food insecurity, low income, forestry, and
traditional solid-waste management systems have harmed developing countries'
ability to adapt and mitigate climate change. Adaptation to the effects of
climate change in general, particularly the agricultural sector, is a
well-known occurrence. The agricultural industry can adapt if technological,
resource and management improvements are implemented swiftly.
Adapting to climate change will
necessitate adjustments and modifications at all levels, from the local to the
national and international. To cope with future climate stress, communities
must increase their resilience by adopting appropriate technology while
utilizing traditional knowledge and diversifying their livelihoods. Traditional
wisdom and local coping techniques must be utilized with community and
government actions. Governments and non-governmental organizations must
consider climate change in their budget planning at all levels of
decision-making to enable effective adaptation strategies.
Farmers adjust crop mix, planting dates,
and various agronomic procedures in response to climate change to maximize
profit. Crop choice is a major example of farmer adaptation techniques, where a
certain crop will be an ideal option based on the consequences of a warmer
climate. In addition,
Adaptation, according to the IPCC's Third
Assessment Report, can mitigate the negative effects of climate change while
enhancing positive effects, but it will come at a cost and will not prevent all
harm. It is also claimed that human and natural systems will adapt
spontaneously, and that planned adaptation can complement autonomous
adaptation. On the other hand, adaptation to human systems has more
alternatives and incentives than adaptation to safeguard natural systems.
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